Benchmark
A benchmark is a fixed point of reference used to measure elevations in relation to a vertical datum. This point is marked by a monument, and the location and elevation of this marker are used as a reference point for further measurements in the area. Benchmarks are typically located on stable ground, such as a rock outcrop or concrete foundation. They are often used to create topographic maps and to monitor changes in land elevation over time.
Trigonometrical Beacon
A trigonometrical beacon is a type of survey monument used in the process of land surveying. Trigonometrical beacons are typically placed on prominent hills or mountain peaks and are used as reference points for surveying. Trigonometrical beacons are often identified with by whitewashed concrete pillar with a metal black vane on top, which makes them easy to identify from a distance.
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)
This is a type of geodetic monument that is equipped with GNSS technology and can transmit data in real time. CORS monuments are typically located in fixed locations, such as on top of buildings or at the edge of fields, and are interconnected to each other via the internet to form the CORS network. This network of stations allows for precise determination of positions and elevations. CORS network is used in a variety of applications, including surveying, mapping, mining and precision agriculture among others.
Town Survey Marks (TSM)
Town Surveys Marks are types of monuments that are placed by Geodesists in cities, towns along street roads and are always intervisible to each other. These monuments are often used in conjunction with other survey monuments, such as benchmarks and trig beacons, to establish a precise network of reference points that can be used for land surveying.